The bacterial flagellar motor is a reversible rotary nano-machine, about 45 nm in diameter,
embedded in the bacterial cell envelope. It is powered by the flux of H+ or Na+ ions across …

Bacterial flagella are filamentous organelles that drive cell locomotion. They thrust cells in
liquids (swimming) or on surfaces (swarming) so that cells can move toward favorable …

It is becoming clear that the bacterial flagellar motor output is important not only for bacterial
locomotion but also for mediating the transition from liquid to surface living. The output of the …

Echoing the repeated convergent evolution of flight and vision in large eukaryotes,
propulsive swimming motility has evolved independently in microbes in each of the three …

Microorganisms and specifically motile bacteria have been recently added to the list of micro-
actuators typically considered for the implementation of microsystems and microrobots. Such …

Cells of Escherichia coli are able to swim up gradients of chemical attractants by modulating
the direction of rotation of their flagellar motors, which spin alternately clockwise (CW) and …

The Na+‐driven bacterial flagellar motor is a molecular machine powered by an
electrochemical potential gradient of sodium ions across the cytoplasmic membrane. The …

To understand the mechanistic basis of cellular function, immense efforts are undertaken to
investigate the many different molecules that constitute a cell, aiming to probe both …

Many bacteria swim by means of flagella that are rotated by a nanoscale motor embedded in
the cell membrane. Torque is generated by the interaction between ion-conducting …

Many bacterial species swim by employing ion-driven molecular motors that power the
rotation of helical filaments. Signals are transmitted to the motor from the external …