Abstract Background and Objective: The automatic assessment of pain is vital in designing
optimal pain management interventions focused on reducing suffering and preventing the …

Facial emotion recognition (FER) is a computer vision process aimed at detecting and
classifying human emotional expressions. FER systems are currently used in a vast range of …

Due to the instability and complex distribution of electroencephalography (EEG) signals and
the great cross-subject variations, exploiting valuable and discriminative emotional …

Traditional pain assessment approaches ranging from self-reporting methods, to
observational scales, rely on the ability of an individual to accurately assess and …

Objective: Pain assessment in children continues to challenge clinicians and researchers,
as subjective experiences of pain require inference through observable behaviors, both …

So far, the current methods in the clinical application do not facilitate continuous monitoring
for pain and are unreliable, especially for vulnerable patients. In contrast, several automated …

Training deep learning models for accurate spatiotemporal recognition of facial expressions
in videos requires significant computational resources. For practical reasons, 3D …

The use of local statistical descriptors for image representation has emerged and gained a
reputation as a powerful approach in the last couple of decades. Many algorithms have …

Mud layer height of thickener is the key quality index of thickening process which is difficult
to achieve real-time detection with existing methods in reality. While the need of developing …

Facial expression is considered as the most specific pain indicator, which has been
effectively employed for neonatal pain assessment. Since neonates cannot verbalize their …