The genus Legionella contains more than 50 species, of which at least 24 have been
associated with human infection. The best-characterized member of the genus, Legionella …

Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits apoptosis and triggers necrosis of host
macrophages to evade innate immunity and delay the initiation of adaptive immunity. By …

Viral and microbial infections often elicit programmed cell death as part of the host defense
system or as a component of the survival strategy of the pathogen. It is thus not surprising …

Cancer is one of notorious diseases across the globe. Therapeutic approaches for cancer
are often expensive and develop severe side effects, and usually result comorbidities …

Macrophages can be niches for bacterial pathogens or antibacterial effector cells depending
on the pathogen and signals from the immune system. Here we show that type I and II IFNs …

Apoptosis, as a programmed cell death (PCD) is essential for normal cell mechanism. The
word “Apoptosis” derives from Greek language “απόπτωσις” and means trees shedding their …

Human coronaviruses are associated with upper respiratory tract infections that occasionally
spread to the lungs and other organs. Although airway epithelial cells represent an …

The immune system of multicellular organisms protects them from harmful microbes. To
establish an infection in the face of host immune responses, pathogens must evolve specific …

Inflammasomes are multi‐protein signaling platforms that upon activation trigger the
maturation of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and IL‐18, and cell …

Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation can generate short-term, functional anucleate
cytoplasts and trigger loss of cell viability. We demonstrated that the necroptotic cell death …