The extensive oxygen gradient between the air we breathe (Po2~ 21 kPa) and its ultimate
distribution within mitochondria (as low as~ 0.5–1 kPa) is testament to the efforts expended …

Most of our knowledge of bone cell physiology is derived from experiments carried out in
vitro on polystyrene substrates. However, these traditional monolayer cell cultures do not …

Osteocyte apoptosis is essential to activate bone remodeling in response to fatigue
microdamage and estrogen withdrawal, such that apoptosis inhibition in vivo prevents the …

Abstract Purpose of Review This review highlights our current knowledge of oxygen
tensions in the bone marrow, and how low oxygen tensions (hypoxia) regulate tumor …

The normal physiological activities and functions of bone cells cannot be separated from the
balance of the oxygenation level, and the physiological activities of bone cells are different …

Hypoxia is a common feature in tumors, driving pathways that promote epithelial-to-
mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis. Clinically, high levels of hypoxia …

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated angiogenesis is critical for
endochondral ossification that occurs during bone development and bone repair. Under …

Natural tissues are incorporated with vasculature, which is further integrated with a
cardiovascular system responsible for driving perfusion of nutrient‐rich oxygenated blood …

The complex process of bone fracture healing is driven by a set of mechanobiological and
biochemical factors. In the present paper, a mathematical model of the angiogenesis effect …

Osteocytes are terminally differentiated cells derived from osteoblasts and are deeply
embedded within the bone matrix. They play a critical role in bone remodeling by generating …