For the current generation of earth system models participating in the Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), the range of equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS …

This work documents version two of the Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth
System Model (E3SM). E3SMv2 is a significant evolution from its predecessor E3SMv1 …

Abstract The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) defines and
coordinates the main set of future climate projections, based on concentration-driven …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity, the global surface temperature response to CO doubling, has
been persistently uncertain. Recent consensus places it likely within 1.5–4.5 K. Global …

Earth's forests harbor extensive biodiversity and are currently a major carbon sink. Forest
conservation and restoration can help mitigate climate change; however, climate change …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

This paper describes the GISS‐E2. 1 contribution to the Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). This model version differs from the predecessor model (GISS‐E2) …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Future global warming estimates have been similar across past assessments, but several
climate models of the latest Sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) simulate …

The effective radiative forcing, which includes the instantaneous forcing plus adjustments
from the atmosphere and surface, has emerged as the key metric of evaluating human and …