With the burgeoning use of immune-based treatments for cancer, never has there been a
greater need to understand the tumour microenvironment within which immune cells …

Immune defense and reproduction are physiologically and energetically demanding
processes and have been observed to trade off in a diversity of female insects. Increased …

Why is it that some parasites cause high levels of host damage (ie virulence) whereas others
are relatively benign? There are now numerous reviews of virulence evolution in the …

abstract Parasites are ubiquitous components of biological systems that have evolved in
multiple independent lineages during the history of life, resulting in a diversity of taxa greater …

An outbreak of viral pneumonia was reported in Wuhan, China, at the end of December
2019, and subsequent sample analyses discovered the involvement of a new strain of …

Recent methodological advances have uncovered tremendous microbial diversity
cohabiting in the same host plant, and many of these microbes cause disease. In this review …

Tackling antibiotic resistance necessitates deep understanding of how resource competition
within and between species modulates the fitness of resistant microbes. Recent advances in …

Hosts are typically coinfected by multiple parasite species, resulting in potentially
overwhelming levels of complexity. We argue that an individual host can be considered to …

Even apparently similar hosts can respond differently to the same parasites. Some
individuals or specific groups of individuals disproportionately affect disease dynamics …

Biodiversity loss may increase the risk of infectious disease in a phenomenon known as the
dilution effect. Circumstances that increase the likelihood of disease dilution are:(i) when …