Viroids are small, single-stranded, circular RNAs infecting plants. Composed of only a few
hundred nucleotides and being unable to code for proteins, viroids represent the lowest …

Although they induce symptoms in plants similar to those accompanying virus infections,
viroids have unique structural, functional, and evolutionary characteristics. They are …

RNA aptamers and RNA aptamer-based devices can be genetically encoded and
expressed in cells to probe and manipulate cellular function. However, their usefulness in …

Cryptosporidium species cause acute gastroenteritis and diarrhoea worldwide. They are
members of the Apicomplexa—protozoan pathogens that invade host cells by using a …

Although various functions of RNA are carried out in conjunction with proteins, some
catalytic RNAs, or ribozymes, which contribute to a range of cellular processes, require little …

Riboswitches are genetic regulatory elements found in the 5′ untranslated region of
messenger RNA that act in the absence of protein cofactors,. They are broadly distributed …

Minimal hammerhead ribozymes have been characterized extensively by static and time-
resolved crystallography as well as numerous biochemical analyses, leading to mutually …

Self-cleaving ribozymes were discovered 30 years ago, but their biological distribution and
catalytic mechanisms are only beginning to be defined. Each ribozyme family is defined by a …

Viroids are single-stranded, circular, and noncoding RNAs that infect plants. They replicate
in the nucleus or chloroplast and then traffic cell-to-cell through plasmodesmata and long …

The natural RNA enzymes catalyse phosphate-group transfer and peptide-bond formation.
Initially, metal ions were proposed to supply the chemical versatility that nucleotides lack. In …