Most pandemics—eg, HIV/AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome, pandemic influenza—
originate in animals, are caused by viruses, and are driven to emerge by ecological …

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) of humans is caused by two lentiviruses,
human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2). Here, we describe the …

Thirty years after the discovery of HIV-1, the early transmission, dissemination, and
establishment of the virus in human populations remain unclear. Using statistical …

Understanding when severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
emerged is critical to evaluating our current approach to monitoring novel zoonotic …

Humans and other primates harbour complex gut bacterial communities that influence
health and disease, but the evolutionary histories of these symbioses remain unclear. This is …

The microbiome is essential for extraction of energy and nutrition from plant-based diets and
may have facilitated primate adaptation to new dietary niches in response to rapid …

More than 75 million people worldwide have been infected with human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV), and there are now approximately 37 million individuals living with the infection …

Pathogen spillover from wildlife to domestic animals and humans, and the reverse, has
caused significant epidemics and pandemics worldwide. Although pathogen emergence …

There are 219 virus species that are known to be able to infect humans. The first of these to
be discovered was yellow fever virus in 1901, and three to four new species are still being …

This review examines the enormous progress that has been made in the past decade in
understanding the origin of HIV, HIV genetic variability, and the impact of global HIV diversity …