We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Structural differences among models account for much of the uncertainty in projected climate
changes, at least until the mid-twenty-first century. Recent observations encompass too …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

Excessive precipitation over the southeastern tropical Pacific is a major common bias that
persists through generations of global climate models. While recent studies suggest an …

This paper is the first of a series of four GMD papers on the PMIP4-CMIP6 experiments. Part
2 (Otto-Bliesner et al., 2017) gives details about the two PMIP4-CMIP6 interglacial …

Some recent compilations of proxy data both on land and ocean (MARGO Project Members,
2009; Bartlein et al., 2011; Shakun et al., 2012), have provided a new opportunity for an …

Water vapor is a greenhouse gas that dominates Earth's terrestrial radiation absorption. As
the planetary temperature warms, forced by increasing CO 2 and other greenhouse gases …

The Arctic region has warmed faster than the global mean in past decades. Future climate
change projections also suggest this Arctic warming amplification will continue. Here, using …

We describe the creation of a data set describing changes related to the presence of ice
sheets, including ice-sheet extent and height, ice-shelf extent, and the distribution and …

We investigate the relationship between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and climate
sensitivity across the PMIP2 multi‐model ensemble of GCMs, and find a correlation between …