This review examines the generation of reactive oxygen species by mammalian
mitochondria, and the status of different sites of production in redox signaling and pathology …

Atherogenesis, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, is a complex process that involves
several mechanisms, including endothelial dysfunction, neovascularization, vascular …

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are essential for normal physiological
processes and play important roles in cell signaling, immunity, and tissue homeostasis …

Growth differentiation factor‐15 (GDF‐15) is a stress responsive cytokine. It is highly
expressed in cardiomyocytes, adipocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and vascular …

At high concentrations, free radicals and radical-derived, nonradical reactive species are
hazardous for living organisms and damage all major cellular constituents. At moderate …

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial inflammatory pathology that involves metabolic processes.
Improvements in therapy have drastically reduced the prognosis of cardiovascular disease …

Increased production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria, accumulation of
mitochondrial DNA damage, and progressive respiratory chain dysfunction are associated …

Mitochondria ensure the supply of cellular energy through the production of ATP via
oxidative phosphorylation. The alteration of this process, called mitochondrial dysfunction …

Abstract I. Introduction 00 II. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species 00 III. Biological
Markers of Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress 00 IV. Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress and Protein …

Whereas the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been intensively studied and described,
the underlying events that initiate cardiovascular disease are not yet fully understood. A …