Even as numerous studies have documented that the red and yellow coloration resulting
from the deposition of carotenoids serves as an honest signal of condition, the evolution of …

Establishing the links between phenotype and genotype is of great importance for resolving
key questions about the evolution, maintenance and adaptive function of phenotypic …

Red coloration is a salient feature of the natural world. Many vertebrates produce red color
by converting dietary yellow carotenoids into red ketocarotenoids via an unknown …

Patterns of biodiversity are often explained by ecological processes, where traits that
promote novel ways of interacting with the environment (key innovations) play a …

The broad palette of feather colours displayed by birds serves diverse biological functions,
including communication and camouflage. Fossil feathers provide evidence that some avian …

Lutein is a naturally potent antioxidant carotenoid synthesized in green microalgae with a
potent ability to prevent different human chronic conditions. To date, there are no reports of …

Developmental constraints and trade-offs can limit diversity, but organisms have repeatedly
evolved morphological innovations that overcome these limits by expanding the range and …

Brilliant animal colors often are produced from light interacting with intricate nano-
morphologies present in biological materials such as butterfly wing scales. Surveys across …

Biologists have long debated the evolution of animal ornamentation via female choice. Much
of the discussion of ornament evolution has focused on three hypotheses: the species …

The diversity of vibrant plumage colors in birds has evolved as a direct result of social and
environmental pressures. To fully understand these underlying pressures it is necessary to …