Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting>
1% of the population≥ 65 years of age and with a prevalence set to double by 2030. In …

Many processes in the human body—including brain function—are regulated over the 24-
hour cycle, and there are strong associations between disrupted circadian rhythms (for …

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the presence of abnormal, intraneuronal α-
synuclein aggregates, which may propagate from cell-to-cell in a prion-like manner …

Idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD) is a powerful early sign of Parkinson's
disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. This provides an …

Many of the motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD) can be preceded, sometimes for
several years, by non-motor symptoms that include hyposmia, sleep disorders, depression …

Background Although several studies have suggested that abnormalities in gut microbiota
may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of PD, data are still extremely heterogeneous …

Our understanding of dysfunction of the gastrointestinal system in patients with Parkinson's
disease has increased substantially in the past decade. The entire gastrointestinal tract is …

Parkinson disease (PD) follows a defined clinical pattern, and a range of nonmotor
symptoms precede the motor phase. The predominant early nonmotor manifestations are …

Background Parkinson's disease has an insidious onset and is diagnosed when typical
motor features occur. Several motor and non-motor features can occur before diagnosis …

Non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease can be predominant as the disease
advances, thereby constituting a major source of disease burden for patients and caregivers …