Collisionless shocks, that is shocks mediated by electromagnetic processes, are customary
in space physics and in astrophysics. They are to be found in a great variety of objects and …

A comprehensive review is given of the theory and properties of nonrelativistic shocks in hot
collisionless plasmas—in view of their possible application in astrophysics. Understanding …

The origin of extragalactic magnetic fields is still poorly understood. Based on a dedicated
suite of cosmological magneto-hydrodynamical simulations with the ENZO code we have …

Many bright radio relics in the outskirts of galaxy clusters have low inferred Mach numbers,
defying expectations from shock acceleration theory and heliospheric observations that the …

This chapter focuses on the range of low frequency electromagnetic modes observed at and
upstream of collisionless shocks in the heliosphere. It discusses a specific class of whistler …

Shock waves propagating in collisionless heliospheric and astrophysical plasmas have
been studied extensively over the decades. One prime motivation is to understand the …

The first-order Fermi acceleration of electrons requires an injection of electrons into a mildly
relativistic energy range. However, the mechanism of injection has remained a puzzle both …

Particles are accelerated to very high, non-thermal energies in solar and space plasma
environments. While energy spectra of accelerated electrons often exhibit a power law, it …

The physics of collisionless shocks is a very broad topic which has been studied for more
than five decades. However, there are a number of important issues which remain …

Electron acceleration to non-thermal, ultra-relativistic energies (∼ 10–100 TeV) is revealed
by radio and X-ray observations of shocks in young supernova remnants (SNRs). The …