Facial movements support a variety of functions in human behavior. They participate in
automatic somatic and visceral motor programs, they are essential in producing …

The retaining ligaments of the face are important in understanding concepts of facial aging
and rejuvenation. They are located in constant anatomic locations where they separate …

Background: Many of the anatomical changes of facial aging are still poorly understood. This
study looked at the aging process in individuals linearly over time, focusing on aspects of …

Objective There has been a significant shift in the understanding of facial anatomy during
the last decade. Newer minimally invasive therapeutic options for facial rejuvenation …

Background: The exact anatomical cause of the tear trough remains undefined. This study
was performed to identify the anatomical basis for the tear trough deformity. Methods: Forty …

Background: The tear trough and the lid/cheek junction become more visible with age.
These landmarks are adjacent, forming in some patients a continuous indentation or groove …

The development of dark circles under the eyes is one of the early signs of periorbital aging,
lending a fatigued and aged appearance to the face. Loeb, in 1961, used the term …

Background The arrangement of the facial soft tissue layers is different with respect to the
line of ligaments: medially oblique and laterally in parallel. Aims This split‐face study was …

Arcus marginalis release, fat extrusion, and septal reset were applied to 71 selected patients
with a constellation of orbital deformities the authors term a “tear trough triad.” Of the initial …

Background: This anatomical study was undertaken to define the soft-tissue spaces,
retaining ligaments, and their relations in the midcheek. Methods: Sixty fresh hemifaces …