Conspectus The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and
oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are involved in biological and artificial energy conversions …

Catalysts featuring dinuclear metal sites are regarded as superior systems compared with
their counterparts with mononuclear metal sites. The dinuclear metal sites in catalysts with …

The four-electron oxidation of water (2H2O→ O2+ 4H++ 4e−) is considered the main
bottleneck in artificial photosynthesis. In nature, this reaction is catalysed by a Mn4CaO5 …

Oxygen evolution and reduction reactions are fundamental processes in biological energy
conversion schemes, which represent an attractive method for artificial energy conversion …

The development of reliable water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) is essential for implementing
artificial photosynthesis on a large technological scale. WOC research has evolved into two …

Water nucleophilic attack (WNA) on high-valent terminal Mn-oxo species is proposed for O–
O bond formation in natural and artificial water oxidation. Herein, we report an …

Copper is one of the most abundant and less toxic transition metals. Nature takes advantage
of the bioavailability and rich redox chemistry of Cu to carry out oxygenase and oxidase …

Solar-powered water splitting is a dream reaction for constructing an artificial photosynthetic
system for producing solar fuels. Natural photosystem II is a prototype template for research …

Water oxidation is one of the most important reactions in natural and artificial energy
conversion schemes. In nature, solar energy is converted to chemical energy via water …

Electrodes for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are
required in energy conversion and storage technologies. An assembly strategy involves …