Opioids are considered the most effective analgesics for the treatment of both acute and
chronic pain. However, prolonged opioid use can induce a certain level of tolerance to its …

Repeated exposure to opioids causes tolerance, which limits their analgesic utility and
contributes to overdose and abuse liability. However, the molecular mechanisms …

Ethnopharmacological relevance Ylang-ylang essential oil (YEO), obtained from the flowers
of the tropical tree Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson (family Annonaceae), has …

The use of morphine as a first-line agent for moderate-to-severe pain is limited by the
development of analgesic tolerance. Initially opioid receptor desensitization in response to …

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. While recent
research suggests epigenetic disturbances in OUD, this is mostly limited to DNA methylation …

Opioid receptors belong to the class AG‐protein‐coupled receptors and are activated by
alkaloid opiates such as morphine, and endogenous ligands such as endorphins and …

Current treatments for neuropathic pain have often moderate efficacy and present unwanted
effects showing the need to develop effective therapies. Accumulating evidence suggests …

Despite the effort on developing new treatments, therapy for neuropathic pain is still a
clinical challenge and combination therapy regimes of two or more drugs are often needed …

Morphine tolerance (MT) is a tricky problem, the mechanism of it is currently unknown.
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) serve significant functions in the biological processes (BPs) of the …

Neuropathic pain is a chronic disabling condition with a 7–10% of prevalence in the general
population that is largely undertreated. Available analgesic therapies are poorly effective …