Animals' avoidance of humans or human activities can have several adverse effects on their
distribution and abundance, and a frequent tool used by conservation managers to avoid …

The distance at which animals flee an approaching predator is known as the 'flight initiation
distance'(FID). Wildlife managers use FID to develop buffer zones to reduce human impacts …

National parks are important for conservation of species such as wolves (Canis lupus) and
elk (Cervus canadensis). However, topography, vegetation conditions, and anthropogenic …

The twentieth century was one of profound transformation in rural America. Demographic
shifts and economic restructuring have conspired to alter dramatically the lives of rural …

Humans have a variety of direct and indirect impacts on wildlife and a number of methods
have been proposed to identify and quantify anthropogenic stressors that negatively impact …

Birds are a major feature of many ecotourism marketing materials. Bird logos, bird
photographs, bird diversity, bird-viewing opportunities and bird checklists are commonplace …

As the concepts of landscape ecology have been incorporated into otherdisciplines, the
influence of spatial patterns on animal abundance anddistribution has attracted …

Human activities can affect the geographic distribution, dispersion patterns, habitat use,
fecundity, survival, and activity and energy budgets of wildlife populations (Knight and Cole …

One way to manage disturbance to waterbirds in natural areas where humans require
access is to promote the occurrence of stimuli for which birds tolerate closer approaches …

Major environmental impacts of the 3 components of ecotourism (travel, accommodation,
and recreational activities) are considered. Type and degree of impacts on soils, vegetation …