A radical drug treatment for bipolar affective disorder (BD) is currently unavailable. This is
attributed to the fact that the precise pathophysiology of this ailment is unclear though a …

One problem area regarding animal models for affective disorders is unclear reproducibility,
including external validity or generalizability. One way to evaluate external validity is with …

Olfactory bulbectomy (OB) is an animal model of depression that can mimic symptoms that
are characteristic of depressive patients, such as behavioral, neurochemical and …

Current United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved lithium salts are
plagued with a narrow therapeutic window. Recent attempts to find alternative drugs have …

Affective and anxiety disorders are widely distributed disorders with severe social and
economic effects. Evidence is emphatic that effective treatment helps to restore function and …

Studies about the pathogenesis of mood disorders have consistently shown that multiple
factors, including genetic and environmental, play a crucial role on their development and …

Millions of individuals worldwide suffers from mood disorders, especially major depressive
disorder (MDD), which has a high rate of disease burden in society. Although targeting the …

Although there is evidence of the involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR)
in the action of lithium, its role in the antidepressant effects of lithium in a behavioural model …

Escitalopram is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor used in the treatment of depression and
anxiety disorders. This study investigated the effect of escitalopram in forced swimming test …

Although lithium has largely met its initial promise as the first drug discovered in the modern
era of psychopharmacology, to date no definitive mechanism for its effects has been …