The nuclear pore complex (NPC) serves as the sole bidirectional gateway of
macromolecules in and out of the nucleus. Owing to its size and complexity (∼ 1,000 protein …

Ubiquitin E3 ligases control every aspect of eukaryotic biology by promoting protein
ubiquitination and degradation. At the end of a three-enzyme cascade, ubiquitin ligases …

INTRODUCTION Cytoplasmic face of the human NPC. Near-atomic composite structure of
the NPC generated by docking high-resolution crystal structures into a cryo‑ET …

Cellular bodies such as P bodies and PML nuclear bodies (PML NBs) appear to be phase-
separated liquids organized by multivalent interactions among proteins and RNA molecules …

Covalent attachment (conjugation) of one or more ubiquitin molecules to protein substrates
governs numerous eukaryotic cellular processes, including apoptosis, cell division and …

Ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubl's) are conjugated to target proteins or lipids to regulate their
activity, stability, subcellular localization, or macromolecular interactions. Similar to ubiquitin …

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) are the central players in the trio of enzymes
responsible for the attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to cellular proteins. Humans have∼ 40 E2s …

Small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) are essential for the regulation of several cellular
processes and are potential therapeutic targets owing to their involvement in diseases such …

SUMOylation is a reversible post-translational modification which has emerged as a crucial
molecular regulatory mechanism, involved in the regulation of DNA damage repair, immune …

E3 ligases carry out the final step in the ubiquitination cascade, catalyzing transfer of
ubiquitin from an E2 enzyme to form a covalent bond with a substrate lysine. Three distinct …