Gram-negative bacteria depend on their cell membranes for survival and environmental
adaptation. They contain two membranes, one of which is the outer membrane (OM), which …

The emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) to pan-drug resistance (PDR) in
Enterobacteriaceae has made treatment extremely challenging. Genetic mutations and …

Exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of antibiotics could induce the biofilm
formation of microorganisms, but its underlying mechanisms still remain elusive. In the …

The emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria due to the overuse or inappropriate use of
antibiotics has become a significant public health concern. The agri‐food chain, which …

Despite colossal achievements in antibiotic therapy in recent decades, drug-resistant
pathogens have remained a leading cause of death and economic loss globally. One such …

Multi-drug resistance in Salmonella Typhi remains a public health concern globally. This
study aimed to investigate the function of quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) …

Aim Colistin serves as the drug of last resort for combating numerous multidrug-resistant
(MDR) Gram-negative infections. Its efficacy is hampered by the prevalent issue of colistin …

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen known for causing hospital-acquired
infections. The natural habitat includes soil, water, sewage, and drains, but it is also detected …

Salmonella Typhi, the invasive serovar of S. enterica subspecies enterica, causes typhoid
fever in healthy human hosts. The emergence of antibiotic‐resistant strains has consistently …

Citrobacter werkmanii, an aerobe and mesophilic Proteobacterium, is universal in industrial
putrefaction, coastal water, and human blood. Our previous studies have discovered that …