Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the
mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate …

Ketamine has emerged as a transformative and mechanistically novel pharmacotherapy for
depression. Its rapid onset of action, efficacy for treatment-resistant symptoms, and …

Glutamate serves as both the mammalian brain's primary excitatory neurotransmitter and as
a key neuromodulator to control synapse and circuit function over a wide range of spatial …

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), early synaptic dysfunction is associated with the increased
oligomeric amyloid-beta peptide, which causes NMDAR-dependent synaptic depression …

Neural plasticity, also known as neuroplasticity or brain plasticity, can be defined as the
ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli …

Windows of plasticity allow environmental experiences to produce intense activity-
dependent changes during postnatal development. The reordering and refinement of neural …

In the classical view, NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are stably expressed at the postsynaptic
membrane, where they act via Ca 2+ to signal coincidence detection in Hebbian plasticity …

The numbers and strengths of synapses in the brain change throughout development, and
even into adulthood, as synaptic inputs are added, eliminated, and refined in response to …

NMDA receptors play vital roles in a broad array of essential brain functions, from synaptic
transmission and plasticity to learning and memory. Historically, the fundamental roles of …

Highlights•Controversial preNMDARs regulate long and short-term plasticity.•PreNMDARs
may signal ionotropically, depending on Ca 2+ and Mg 2+.•PreNMDARs may signal …