▪ Abstract Oxidative stress—the production and accumulation of reduced oxygen
intermediates such as superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl …

The global loss and degradation of coral reefs, as a result of intensified frequency and
severity of bleaching events, is a major concern. Evidence of heat stress affecting corals …

Unprecedented changes in coral reef systems have focused attention on a wide range of
stressors on local, regional, and global spatial scales but global climate change resulting in …

Corals provide the foundation of important tropical reef ecosystems but are in global decline
for multiple reasons, including climate change. Coral health depends on a fragile …

Large changes in oxygen availability in aquatic environments, ranging from anoxia through
to hyperoxia, can lead to corresponding wide variation in the production of reactive oxygen …

The symbiotic life style involves mutual ecological, physiological, structural, and molecular
adaptations between the partners. In the symbiotic association between anthozoans and …

Background Cnidarian–dinoflagellate intracellular symbioses are one of the most important
mutualisms in the marine environment. They form the trophic and structural foundation of …

Coral reefs are threatened by climate change, because it causes increasingly frequent and
severe summer heatwaves, resulting in mass coral bleaching and mortality. Coral bleaching …

Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to play a major role in cell death
pathways and bleaching in scleractinian corals. Direct measurements of ROS in corals are …

Cyanobacteria have flexible photosynthetic apparatus that allows them to utilise light at very
low levels, making them ideal symbionts for a wide range of organisms. Sponge …