The limited number of oral vaccines currently approved for use in humans and veterinary
species clearly illustrates that development of efficacious and safe oral vaccines has been a …

The oral route offers the most attractive approach of immunization of fish for a number of
reasons: the ease of administration of antigens, it is less stressful than parenteral delivery …

Administered by intramuscular injection, a DNA vaccine (pIRF1A-G) containing the promoter
regions upstream of the rainbow trout interferon regulatory factor 1A gene (IRF1A) driven the …

The development of mucosal vaccines against pathogens is currently a highly explored area
of research in both humans and animals. This is due to the fact that mucosal vaccines have …

Sustainable aquaculture is not possible without disease prevention, and vaccination has
become the single most important tool. There has been a dramatic reduction in the use of …

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) mediated diseases have emerged throughout salmonid
aquaculture. Three PRV subtypes are currently reported as causative agents of or in …

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus
(IPNV) are important pathogens of salmon and trout. An active bivalent DNA vaccine was …

Vaccination plays a critical role in the protection of humans and other animals from
infectious diseases. However, the same vaccine often confers different protection levels …

Because viruses still represent a significant threat to human and animal health worldwide,
the development of effective weapons against viral infections remains a top priority for the …

One impediment to the successful oral vaccination in fish is the hostile stomach environment
that antigens must cross. Furthermore, uptake of antigens from the gut to systemic …