Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, is
involved in innate immunity and mediates inflammatory responses by recognizing …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are germline‐encoded receptors that are central to innate and
adaptive immune responses. Owing to their vital role in inflammation, TLRs are rational …

Phages are the most abundant and diverse biological entities on Earth and exert specific
effects on bacterial hosts. The coexistence of phages and bacteria in the intestinal tract is …

Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) has been shown to promote colorectal cancer (CRC)
development by inhibiting host anti-tumour immunity. However, the impact of Fn infection on …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a novel beta coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 uses spike …

High mobility group box-1 (HMGb1) protein, a nuclear non-histone protein that is released or
secreted from the cell in response to damage or stress, is a sentinel for the immune system …

Antimicrobial peptides are innate immune molecules playing essential roles in insects,
which lack the adaptive immune system. Insects possess Toll9, the innate pattern …

Background P. aeruginosa, a highly virulent Gram-negative bacterium, can cause severe
nosocomial infections, and it has developed resistance against most antibiotics. New …

The blue-green alga Spirulina maxima is a microscopic filamentous cyanobacterium.
Spirulina was recently reported to elicit beneficial effects such as reducing cholesterol and …

This experiment aimed to investigate the protective effects of berberine on copper-induced
liver and gill toxicities in freshwater grouper (Acrossocheilus fasciatus). Fish (initial weight …