Immune-checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer therapy, yet many patients either
do not derive any benefit from treatment or develop a resistance to checkpoint inhibitors …

Cytokines are important immunotherapeutics with approved drugs for the treatment of
human cancers. However, systemic administration of cytokines often fails to achieve …

Anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, either by anti–PD-1 antibody or anti–PD-L1 antibody, has efficacy
by reinvigorating tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in a subset of patients with cancer, but it has …

One of the key factors that contribute to tumor progression and resistance is the
immunosuppressive microenvironment of the tumor. CD200 is a recently identified cell …

CD200 is overexpressed in many solid tumors and considered as an immune checkpoint
molecule dampening cancer immunity. In this study, we found that CD200R−/− mice were …

The CD200 is a cell membrane protein expressed by tumor cells, and its receptor CD200
receptor (CD200R) is expressed by immune cells including macrophages and dendritic …

There is an increasing number of immune-checkpoint inhibitors being developed and
approved for cancer immunotherapy. Most of the new therapies aim to reactivate tumour …

The field of clinical oncology has been revolutionized over the past decade with the
introduction of many new immunotherapies the existence of which have depended to a large …

Kidney cancer is the 7th most common cancer type in the UK, with around 13,300 new cases
diagnosed every year, accounting for 4% of new cancer cases and 3% of all cancer deaths …

The skin is the largest organ of the body. The three layers of the skin are: epidermis, dermis
and hypodermis. These layers constitute a barrier to the external environment [1]. There are …