Timing is critical to most forms of learning, behavior, and sensory-motor processing.
Converging evidence supports the notion that, precisely because of its importance across a …

Schultz, Wolfram. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1–27,
1998. The effects of lesions, receptor blocking, electrical self-stimulation, and drugs of abuse …

Our sense of time is far from constant. For instance, time flies when we are having fun, and it
slows to a trickle when we are bored. Midbrain dopamine neurons have been implicated in …

A dopaminergic deficiency in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) causes abnormalities of
movement, behaviour, learning, and emotions. The main motor features (ie, tremor, rigidity …

We all have a sense of time. Yet, there are no sensory receptors specifically dedicated for
perceiving time. It is an almost uniquely intangible sensation: we cannot see time in the way …

Previous research has noted that music can improve gait in several pathological conditions,
including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and stroke. Current research into …

Distortions in time perception and timed performance are presented by a number of different
neurological and psychiatric conditions (eg Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, attention …

Dopamine (DA) acts as a key neurotransmitter in the brain. Numerous studies have shown
its regulatory role for motor and limbic functions. However, in the early stages of Parkinson's …

Rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) was used as a pacemaker during a 3‐week home‐
based gaittraining program for Parkinson's disease (PD) patients (n= 15). Electromyogram …

We investigated the functional anatomy of self-initiated and externally triggered movements.
Six patients with Parkinson's disease off medication and six age-matched normals were …