Resilience and functionality of European Norway spruce forests are increasingly threatened
by mass outbreaks of the bark beetle Ips typographus promoted by heat, wind throw and …

Abstract Chalcone synthase (CHS, EC 2.3. 1.74) is a key enzyme of the
flavonoid/isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Besides being part of the plant developmental …

Conifers are long‐lived organisms, and part of their success is due to their potent defense
mechanisms. This review focuses on bark defenses, a front line against organisms trying to …

Tree resistance can be enhanced by a variety of biotic and abiotic inducers, including
nonpathogenic and pathogenic microbes, and herbivores, resulting in enhanced protection …

The root and butt rot caused by Heterobasidon annosum is one of the most destructive
diseases of conifers in the northern temperate regions of the world, particularly in Europe …

Conifers are the dominant trees over huge areas worldwide and include many species of
great economic and ecological importance. Some conifer species, particularly members of …

Phenolic metabolites are frequently implicated in chemical defense mechanisms against
pathogens in woody plants. However, tree breeding programmes for resistance to …

Conifers are resistant to attack from a large number of potential herbivores or pathogens.
Previous molecular and biochemical characterization of selected conifer defence systems …

The outer stem tissues of conifers provide a durable constitutive and inducible defense
barrier consisting of suberized or lignified periderm, sclereids, a network of terpenoid-filled …

Main conclusion Present review provides a thorough insight on some significant aspects of
CHSs over a period of about past three decades with a better outlook for future studies …