Misuse and overuse of antibiotics have contributed in the last decades to a phenomenon
known as antibiotic resistance which is currently considered one of the principal threats to …

The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against invading pathogens,
and immune disorders cause a variety of diseases. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster …

Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease and is transmitted to vertebrate
hosts by Ixodes spp. ticks. The spirochaete relies heavily on its arthropod host for basic …

Wolbachia are successful Gram-negative bacterial endosymbionts, globally infecting a large
fraction of arthropod species and filarial nematodes. Efficient vertical transmission, the …

Ticks transmit more pathogens to humans and animals than any other arthropod. We
describe the 2.1 Gbp nuclear genome of the tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say), which vectors …

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, which is initiated by
the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous …

During the course of evolution, multicellular organisms have been orchestrated with an
efficient and versatile immune system to counteract diverse group of pathogenic organisms …

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has helped us to understand how innate immunity is
activated. In addition to the Toll receptor and the Toll signaling pathway, the Drosophila …

Simple Summary Microbial resistance to antibiotics is a constant threat to livestock farming,
and unreasonable use of antibiotics has increased the prevalence of infectious diseases in …

The insect immune response demonstrates many similarities to the innate immune response
of mammals and a wide range of insects is now employed to assess the virulence of …