Ketamine, a racemic mixture consisting of (S)-and (R)-ketamine, has been in clinical use
since 1970. Although best characterized for its dissociative anesthetic properties, ketamine …

The discovery of robust antidepressant actions exerted by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
(NMDAR) antagonist (R, S)-ketamine has been a crucial breakthrough in mood disorder …

It is unclear how binding of antidepressant drugs to their targets gives rise to the clinical
antidepressant effect. We discovered that the transmembrane domain of tyrosine kinase …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most disabling psychiatric disorders.
Approximately one‐third of the patients with MDD are treatment resistant to the current …

The discovery of the rapid antidepressant effects of the dissociative anaesthetic ketamine,
an uncompetitive N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor antagonist, is arguably the most important …

The discovery of ketamine as a rapid-acting antidepressant spurred significant research to
understand its underlying mechanisms of action and to identify other novel compounds that …

Preclinical studies indicate that (2 R, 6 R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) is a putative fast-
acting antidepressant candidate. Although inhibition of NMDA-type glutamate receptors …

The underlying neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder remains elusive due to
the severity, complexity, and heterogeneity of the disorder. While the traditional …

Hydroxynorketamines (HNKs) are formed in vivo after (R, S)-ketamine (ketamine)
administration. The 12 HNK stereoisomers are distinguished by the position of cyclohexyl …

Currently approved antidepressant drugs often take months to take full effect, and∼ 30% of
depressed patients remain treatment resistant. In contrast, ketamine, when administered as …