Transforming growth factor–β1 (TGF-β1) is inextricably linked to regulatory T cell (Treg)
biology. However, precisely untangling the role for TGF-β1 in Treg differentiation and …

The immune system has coevolved with extensive microbial communities living on barrier
sites that are collectively known as the microbiota. It is increasingly clear that microbial …

Specific microbial signals induce the differentiation of a distinct pool of RORγ+ regulatory T
(Treg) cells crucial for intestinal homeostasis. We discovered highly analogous populations …

Cytokines are among the most important effector and messenger molecules in the immune
system. They profoundly participate in immune responses during infection and inflammation …

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are
characterized by uncontrolled activation of intestinal immune cells in a genetically …

Abstract The FOXP3+ CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells located in non-lymphoid tissues differ
in phenotype and function from their lymphoid organ counterparts. Tissue Treg cells have …

Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are key players in ensuring a peaceful coexistence with
microorganisms and food antigens at intestinal borders. Startling new information has …

The trillions of microorganisms in the gut microbiome have attracted much attention recently
owing to their sophisticated and widespread impacts on numerous aspects of host …

Age-related T cell dysfunction can lead to failure of immune tolerance mechanisms, resulting
in aberrant T cell-driven cytokine and cytotoxic responses that ultimately cause tissue …

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a systemic, chronic, and inflammatory autoimmune disease
associated with the disorder of intestinal microbiota. Unfortunately, effective therapies for AS …