Despite increasing evidence suggesting the cerebellum works in concert with the cortex and
basal ganglia, the nature of the reciprocal interactions between these three brain regions …

The lamprey belongs to the phylogenetically oldest group of vertebrates that diverged from
the mammalian evolutionary line 560 million years ago. A comparison between the lamprey …

Early-stage romantic love can induce euphoria, is a cross-cultural phenomenon, and is
possibly a developed form of a mammalian drive to pursue preferred mates. It has an …

Dopamine neurons located in the midbrain play a role in motivation that regulates approach
behavior (approach motivation). In addition, activation and inactivation of dopamine neurons …

For the neurobiologist, key observations about these There is no known overt locus of
neuronal degeneration symptoms include the following: in OCD as there is, for example, in …

The striatum is composed principally of GABAergic, medium spiny striatal projection neurons
(MSNs) that can be categorized based on their gene expression, electrophysiological …

In our target article, we proposed that addiction could be envisioned as misperformance of a
decision-making machinery described by two systems (deliberative and habit systems) …

Because learned associations are quickly renewed following extinction, the extinction
process must include processes other than unlearning. However, reinforcement learning …

The evolution of cooperation among nonrelatives has been explained by direct, indirect, and
strong reciprocity. Animals should base the decision to help others on expected future help …

Cannabinoids and opioids are widely consumed drugs of abuse that produce motor
depression, in part via respective activation of the cannabinoid subtype 1 receptor (CB1R) …