1. INTRODUCTION Detection of chemical and biological agents plays a fundamental role in
biomedical, forensic and environmental sciences 1− 4 as well as in anti bioterrorism …

The evolution of 1st to 3rd generation electrochemical biosensors reflects a simplification
and enhancement of the transduction pathway. However, in recent years, modification of the …

Mechanical interactions are fundamental to biology. Mechanical forces of chemical origin
determine motility and adhesion on the cellular scale, and govern transport and affinity on …

In the last 10 years the field of molecular diagnostics has witnessed an explosion of interest
in the use of nanomaterials in assays for gases, metal ions, and DNA and protein markers …

The structure and properties of gold nanoparticles make them useful for a wide array of
biological application. Toxicity, however, has been observed at high concentrations using …

Nanomaterials, such as metal or semiconductor nanoparticles and nanorods, exhibit similar
dimensions to those of biomolecules, such as proteins (enzymes, antigens, antibodies) or …

We have investigated the variables that influence DNA coverage on gold nanoparticles. The
effects of salt concentration, spacer composition, nanoparticle size, and degree of sonication …

The unique properties of gold nanoparticles have stimulated the increasing interest in the
application of GNPs in interfacing biological recognition events with signal transduction and …

DNA metallization has witnessed tremendous growth and development, from the initial
simple synthesis aimed at manufacturing conductive metal nanowires to the current …

A novel, high sensitive, and specific DNA assay based on gold nanoparticle (AuNP)
colorimetric detection and hybridization chain reaction (HCR) amplification has been …