Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting>
1% of the population≥ 65 years of age and with a prevalence set to double by 2030. In …

Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder with evolving layers of complexity. It has long
been characterised by the classical motor features of parkinsonism associated with Lewy …

Parkinson disease (PD) follows a defined clinical pattern, and a range of nonmotor
symptoms precede the motor phase. The predominant early nonmotor manifestations are …

Background Subcutaneous apomorphine infusion is a clinically established therapy for
patients with Parkinson's disease with motor fluctuations not optimally controlled by oral …

Depression is one of the most frequent and burdensome non-motor symptoms in
Parkinson's disease (PD), across all stages. Even when its severity is mild, PD depression …

Normal maintenance of human motivation depends on the integrity of subcortical structures
that link the prefrontal cortex with the limbic system. Structural and functional disruption of …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of 3 different targets is the most important therapeutic
innovation of the past 30 years for patients with fluctuating Parkinson's disease (PD) …

Sleep disorders are among the most common non-motor manifestations in Parkinson's
disease (PD) and have a significant negative impact on quality of life. While sleep disorders …

Non motor symptoms (NMS) represent a significant burden in Parkinson's disease (PD) with
numerous studies highlighting the importance of NMS both in “pre-motor” phase of PD as …

With advances in knowledge disease, boundaries may change. Occasionally, these
changes are of such a magnitude that they require redefinition of the disease. In recognition …