Infectious diseases have for centuries ranked with wars and famine as major challenges to
human progress and survival. They remain among the leading causes of death and …

For over half a century, it has been known that the rate of morphological evolution appears
to vary with the time frame of measurement. Rates of microevolutionary change, measured …

Evolutionary pressures on proteins are often quantified by the ratio of substitution rates at
non-synonymous and synonymous sites. The dN/dS ratio was originally developed for …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the cause of human acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is a zoonotic infection of staggering proportions and …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) sequences that pre-date the recognition of
AIDS are critical to defining the time of origin and the timescale of virus evolution,. A viral …

Following its recognition in 1981, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has evolved to become the
greatest challenge in global health, with some 34 million persons living with HIV worldwide …

The major cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have been using evolutionary comparisons to …

Understanding the evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is crucial for
reconstructing its origin, deciphering its interaction with the immune system and developing …

In this study we date the introduction of HIV-2 into the human population and estimate the
epidemic history of HIV-2 subtype A in Guinea-Bissau, the putative geographic origin of HIV …

The origin of SARS-CoV-2 is uncertain. Findings support a “bat origin” but results are not
highly convincing. Studies found evidence that SARS-CoV-2 was around for many years …