Venomous animals use their venoms as tools for defense or predation. These venoms are
complex mixtures, mainly enriched of proteic toxins or peptides with several, and different …

In millions of years, spiders have optimized their venoms in order to assure successful prey
capture and defence against predators. Spider venoms have become unique cocktails of …

The venom of Phoneutria nigriventer spider has been extensively studied. It is highly
neurotoxic, with clinical manifestations occurring a few minutes after the bite, mainly in …

The use of natural substances for the treatment of diseases or injuries is an ancient practice
of many cultures. According to folklore, natural aphrodisiacs may help to raise libido and …

The venom of the “armed” spider Phoneutria nigriventer comprises several potent toxins.
One of the most toxic components from this venom is the neurotoxin PnTx2-6 (LD50=∼ 0.7 …

Spider venom is an intricate combination of target specific enzymatic and non-enzymatic
toxins. In addition, the venom also contains polyamine neurotoxins, ATP, AMP, ADP …

Introduction Priapism is one of several symptoms observed in accidental bites by the spider
Phoneutria nigriventer. The venom of this spider is comprised of many toxins, and the …

By definition, parasites cause harm to their hosts. But, considerable evidence from ancient
traditional medicine has supported the theory of using parasites and their products in …

Erectile dysfunction (ED) mechanisms in diabetic patients are multifactorial and often lead to
resistance to current therapy. Animal toxins have been used as pharmacological tools to …

Introduction Age-associated erectile dysfunction (ED) involves a decrease in nitric oxide
(NO) availability and impaired relaxation. PnTx2-6, a toxin from the Phoneutria nigriventer …