We review the characteristics of osteoblast differentiation and bone matrix synthesis. Bone in
air breathing vertebrates is a specialized tissue that developmentally replaces simpler solid …

Regulated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling is a prerequisite for the correct
development and homeostasis of articular cartilage, as evidenced by the fact that aberrant …

Cartilage is a kind of connective tissue that buffers pressure and is essential to protect joint
movement. It is difficult to self-recover once cartilage is damaged due to the lack of blood …

Autosomal dominant mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) cause
achondroplasia (Ach), the most common form of dwarfism in humans, and related …

The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins
consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine …

Articular cartilage is formed at the end of epiphyses in the synovial joint cavity and
permanently contributes to the smooth movement of synovial joints. Most skeletal elements …

Insulin‐like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 1 (IGF 2 BP 1) is involved in the
Hedgehog pathway and has been shown to regulate the RNA stability of several growth …

Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are common cartilage and joint diseases that globally
affect more than 200 million and 20 million people, respectively. Several transcription factors …

Achondroplasia (ACH) is a disease caused by a missense mutation in the FGFR3 (fibroblast
growth factor receptor 3) gene, which is the most common cause of short stature in humans …

Tendons are cable-like connective tissues that transfer both active and passive forces
generated by skeletal muscle to bone. In the mature skeleton, the tendon-bone enthesis is …