Codon usage bias refers to the phenomenon where specific codons are used more often
than other synonymous codons during translation of genes, the extent of which varies within …

Rapid progress in DNA synthesis and sequencing is spearheading the deliberate, large-
scale genetic alteration of organisms. These new advances in DNA manipulation have been …

As a result of the redundancy of the genetic code, adjacent pairs of amino acids can be
encoded by as many as 36 different pairs of synonymous codons. A species-specific “codon …

Usage of sequential codon-pairs is non-random and unique to each species. Codon-pair
bias is related to but clearly distinct from individual codon usage bias. Codon-pair bias is …

Despite existing vaccines and enormous efforts in biomedical research, influenza annually
claims 250,000–500,000 lives worldwide, motivating the search for new, more effective …

Mutating RNA virus genomes to alter codon pair (CP) frequencies and reduce translation
efficiency has been advocated as a method to generate safe, attenuated virus vaccines …

Codon pair bias is a remarkably stable characteristic of a species. Although functionally
uncharacterized, robust virus attenuation was achieved by recoding of viral proteins using …

Background Codon bias is a phenomenon of non-uniform usage of codons whereas codon
context generally refers to sequential pair of codons in a gene. Although genome …

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important viral agent of serious pediatric
respiratory-tract disease worldwide. A vaccine or generally effective antiviral drug is not yet …

Replicative fitness of poliovirus can be modulated systematically by replacement of
preferred capsid region codons with synonymous unpreferred codons. To determine the key …