Choices have consequences. Immune cells survey and migrate throughout the body and
sometimes take residence in niche environments with distinct communities of cells …

Immunological niches are focal sites of immune activity that can have varying
microenvironmental features. Hypoxia is a feature of physiological and pathological …

Germinal center B cells (GCBCs) are critical for generating long-lived humoral immunity.
How GCBCs meet the energetic challenge of rapid proliferation is poorly understood …

B cells predominate in a quiescent state until an antigen is encountered, which results in
rapid growth, proliferation and differentiation of the B cells. These distinct cell states are …

HIF is a transcription factor that plays an essential role in the cellular response to low
oxygen, orchestrating a metabolic switch that allows cells to survive in this environment. In …

Cells sense and respond to hypoxia through the activity of the transcription factor HIF
(hypoxia-inducible factor) and its regulatory hydroxylases, the prolyl hydroxylase domain …

Immune cells constantly patrol the body via the bloodstream and migrate into multiple
tissues where they face variable and sometimes demanding environmental conditions …

Productive humoral responses require that naive B cells and their differentiated progeny
move among distinct micro-environments. In this review, we discuss how studies are …

Hypoxia is a hallmark of inflamed, infected or damaged tissue, and the adaptation to
inadequate tissue oxygenation is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs are key …

Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive tumor type in the
central nervous system. Hypoxia, defined as a lack of sufficient oxygen in tissues, is the most …