The gut microbiota has been found to interact with the brain through the microbiota–gut–
brain axis, regulating various physiological processes. In recent years, the impacts of the gut …

Survival is a fundamental physiological drive, and neural circuits have evolved to prioritize
actions that meet the energy demands of the body. This fine-tuning of goal-directed actions …

We develop soft and stretchable fatigue-resistant hydrogel optical fibers that enable
optogenetic modulation of peripheral nerves in naturally behaving animals during persistent …

The transmission of the heartbeat through the cerebral vascular system causes intracranial
pressure pulsations. We discovered that arterial pressure pulsations can directly modulate …

Electrode-based electrical stimulation underpins several clinical bioelectronic devices,
including deep-brain stimulators, and cardiac pacemakers. However, leadless multisite …

KCR channelrhodopsins (K+-selective light-gated ion channels) have received attention as
potential inhibitory optogenetic tools but more broadly pose a fundamental mystery …

Consciousness science has matured over the past three decades and is currently on the
cusp of explosive growth, with the potential to transform medicine and technology. The …

For the past decade, ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) antagonist, has
been considered a promising treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). Unlike the …

Affective states, such as emotions, are presumably widespread across the animal kingdom
because of the adaptive advantages they are supposed to confer. However, the study of the …

A key challenge in neuroscience is understanding how neurons in hundreds of
interconnected brain regions integrate sensory inputs with prior expectations to initiate …