The intestinal microbiota (previously referred to as “intestinal flora”) has entered the focus of
research interest not only in microbiology but also in medicine. Huge progress has been …

Primary nonresponse and primary nonremission are important limitations of tumor necrosis
factor (TNF) antagonists, occurring in 10% to 40% and 50% to 80% of patients with …

Emulsifiers are common components of processed foods consumed as part of a Western
diet. Emerging in vitro cell‐line culture, mouse model and human intestinal tissue explant …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) defines a spectrum of complex disorders. Understanding
how environmental risk factors, alterations of the intestinal microbiota, and polygenetic and …

Indole, which is produced from l-tryptophan by commensal bacteria expressing
tryptophanase, not only is an important intercellular signal in microbial communities, but also …

Crohn's disease (CD) is a major form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by
transmural inflammation along the alimentary tract. Changes in the microbial composition …

Background Live commensal intestinal bacteria are present in the peripheral blood where
they can induce inflammation. Objective To evaluate the intestinal bacteria composition and …

Genetic variations in the autophagic pathway influence genetic predispositions to Crohn
disease. Autophagy, the major lysosomal pathway for degrading and recycling cytoplasmic …

Obesity has become one of the main threats to health worldwide and therefore gained
increasing clinical and economic significance as well as scientific attention. General adipose …

Since Crohn's disease is a transmural disease, we hypothesized that examination of deep
submucosal tissues directly involved in the inflammatory disease process may provide …