Background Over the past 20 years, insights from human and mouse genetics have
illuminated the central role of the brain leptin-melanocortin pathway in the control of …

The initial discovery that ob/ob mice become obese because of a recessive mutation of the
leptin gene has been crucial to discover the melanocortin pathway to control appetite. In the …

The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R)–embedded in the leptin–melanocortin pathway–is
activated by proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived neuropeptides such as α-and β …

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and α-, β-, and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormones (α-
, β-, γ-MSH), collectively known as melanocortins, together with their receptors (melanocortin …

Following the cloning of the melanocortin receptor and agouti protein genes, a model was
developed for the central melanocortin system with respect to the regulation of energy and …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors involved
in the regulation of almost all known physiological processes. Dysfunctions of GPCR …

Objective Bile acids have been implicated as important regulators of glucose metabolism via
activation of FXR and GPBAR1. We have previously shown that FGF19 can modulate …

The global prevalence of obesity highlights the importance of understanding on regulation of
energy homeostasis. The central melanocortin system is an important intersection …

Abstract The melanocortin‐4 receptor (MC4R) has been critically investigated for the past
two decades, and novel findings regarding MC4R signalling and its potential exploitation in …

Abstract The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis,
including both energy intake and energy expenditure. It mediates the actions of a number of …