Pseudomonas syringae is one of the most common plant pathogens that infect the
phyllosphere. P. syringae can live on the plant surface as an epiphyte. To cause disease, it …

Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are protein transport nanomachines that are found in
Gram-negative bacterial pathogens and symbionts. Resembling molecular syringes, T3SSs …

Diverse and rapidly evolving pathogens cause plant diseases and epidemics that threaten
crop yield and food security around the world. Research over the last 25 years has led to an …

Since the early 1980s, various strains of the gram-negative bacterial pathogen
Pseudomonas syringae have been used as models for understanding plant-bacterial …

In both plants and animals, defense against pathogens relies on a complex surveillance
system for signs of danger. Danger signals may originate from the infectious agent or from …

Although the functions of a few effector proteins produced by bacterial and oomycete plant
pathogens have been elucidated in recent years, information for the vast majority of …

Phytopathogenic bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes invade and colonize their host plants
through distinct routes. These pathogens secrete diverse groups of effector proteins that aid …

Plants rely on multiple immune systems to protect themselves from pathogens. When pattern-
triggered immunity (PTI)—the first layer of the immune response—is no longer effective as a …

Photosynthesis, pathogen infection, and plant defense are three important biological
processes that have been investigated separately for decades. Photosynthesis generates …

Plants are under constant attack from pathogens and herbivorous insects. To protect and
defend themselves, plants evolved a multi-layered surveillance system, known as the innate …