Dopamine-releasing neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have central roles in
reward-related and goal-directed behaviours. VTA dopamine-releasing neurons are …

The nucleus accumbens is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and integrates
information from cortical and limbic structures to mediate goal-directed behaviors. Chronic …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is well known for regulating reward consumption, learning,
memory, and addiction behaviors through mediating dopamine (DA) release in downstream …

Midbrain dopamine neurons are well known for their strong responses to rewards and their
critical role in positive motivation. It has become increasingly clear, however, that dopamine …

Like ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons, VTA glutamate neuron activity
can support positive reinforcement. However, a subset of VTA neurons co-release DA and …

The mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system plays important roles in reward, motivation,
learning, memory, and movement. This system arises from the A10 region, comprising the …

In addition to dopamine neurons, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) contains GABA-,
glutamate-and co-releasing neurons, and recent reports suggest a complex role for the …

Recent data indicate that'classical'neurotransmitters can also act as co-transmitters. This
notion has been strengthened by the demonstration that three vesicular glutamate …

Midbrain dopamine systems play important roles in Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia,
addiction, and depression. The participation of midbrain dopamine systems in diverse …

Neurotransmitter identity is a defining feature of all neurons because it constrains the type of
information they convey, but many neurons release multiple transmitters. Although the …