Seeds and nuts not only serve as important food sources for human beings but also exhibit
excellent mechanical properties resulting from their extraordinary shell structures. A …

Barium titanate (BaTiO 3) has been used as a bone implant material because of its
piezoelectric properties and the ability to promote cell growth when combined with …

Sutures, the soft collagenous tissue joining interdigitating bony protrusions on the edges of
bone plates, play a significant mechanical role in allowing a turtle shell to respond optimally …

Discoveries of two-dimensional (2D) materials, exemplified by the recent entry of MXene,
have ushered in a new era of multifunctional materials for applications from electronics to …

The turtle carapace is a biological armor possessing superior damage tolerance. In spite of
efforts to characterize the mechanical properties of such biological armor, the protection …

The microscale growth layers between nacre possess distinctive aragonite structures,
including columns, spherulites and organic matrices. High temporal resolution experiments …

This study predicts analytically effective elastic moduli of substructures within an equine hoof
wall. The hoof wall is represented as a composite material with a hierarchical structure …

The research article deals with the efficacy of turtle shell powder (TSP) as an attempt at a
novel perspective vision, used as a filler material in the fabrication of basalt‐epoxy …

The turtle has survived for over several hundred million years and evolved excellent shell
structure to resist high-stress repeated impact by stone and predators. Based on the impact …

The turtle carapace is a biological composite shield consisting of a hard boney layer
covered with a soft keratin-collagen bi-layer. The unique microstructure enables the turtle …