Decades of research has identified the brain areas that are involved in fear, fear extinction,
anxiety and related defensive behaviours. Newly developed genetic and viral tools …

The amygdala has long been associated with emotion and motivation, playing an essential
part in processing both fearful and rewarding environmental stimuli. How can a single …

The hippocampus is traditionally thought to transmit contextual information to limbic
structures where it acquires valence. Using freely moving calcium imaging and …

Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

Reward prediction errors consist of the differences between received and predicted rewards.
They are crucial for basic forms of learning about rewards and make us strive for more …

Reversal learning paradigms are among the most widely used tests of cognitive flexibility
and have been used as assays, across species, for altered cognitive processes in a host of …

The intimate connection between the brain and the heart was enunciated by Claude
Bernard over 150 years ago. In our neurovisceral integration model we have tried to build on …

I propose a reconceptualization of key phenomena important in the study of emotion—those
phenomena that reflect functions and circuits related to survival, and that are shared by …

Economic choice behavior entails the computation and comparison of subjective values. A
central contribution of neuroeconomics has been to show that subjective values are …

Increased tonic activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NE) neurons induces anxiety-
like and aversive behavior. While some information is known about the afferent circuitry that …