The lungs and heart are irrevocably linked in their oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
transport functions. Functional impairment of the lungs often affects heart function and vice …

Exercise ventilation (V′ E) relative to carbon dioxide output (V′ CO2) is particularly
relevant to patients limited by the respiratory system, eg those with chronic obstructive …

Activity-related dyspnoea is often the most distressing symptom experienced by patients with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and can persist despite comprehensive …

Introduction: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is one of the core components in the
management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In order to …

Rationale: An increased ventilatory response to exertional metabolic demand (high V. e/V.
co2 relationship) is a common finding in patients with coexistent chronic obstructive …

Increased ventilation relative to metabolic demands, indicating alveolar hyperventilation
and/or increased physiological dead space (excess ventilation), is a key cause of exertional …

Combining measurements of impaired lung mechanics (inspiratory constraints) with an
index of increased respiratory stimuli to metabolic demand (poor ventilatory efficiency) might …

Introduction: Heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently coexist, particularly in the elderly. Given their rising …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a debilitating disorder, characterized by airflow
limitation, exercise impairment, reduced functional capacity and significant systemic …

In cardiopulmonary medicine, residual exertional dyspnea (RED) can be defined by the
persistence of limiting breathlessness in a patient who is already under the best available …