Objectives Raising offspring imposes energetic costs, especially for female mammals.
Consequently, seasons favoring high energy intake and sustained positive energy balance …

Abstract Wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata Blyth) living in the highland and lowland
areas of Yakushima are known to have different diets, with highland individuals consuming …

Habitat quality and parasite assembly influence wildlife health, and they are key indicators of
health and survivability of wildlife populations. To investigate the potential ecological …

Japanese macaques are ideal to advance understanding of a wide‐spread pattern of
recurrent developmental distress in great apes, preserved as repetitive linear enamel …

Minerals provide micronutrients that function in various ways in the body, and they are
necessary for the survival of animals. In this study, we first compared the mineral content of …

Although knowledge of the functions of the gut microbiome has increased greatly over the
past few decades, our understanding of the mechanisms governing its ecology and …

Background Changes in the gut microbial composition is an important response to cope with
the seasonal fluctuations in the environment such as food availability. We examined the …

Within the gastrointestinal tract, the physiochemical microenvironments are highly diversified
among the different stages of food digestion. Accordingly, gut microbiome composition and …

Urbanization impacts wildlife survival by altering foraging decisions and introducing
anthropogenic food sources, like waste. Foraging behaviours are critical to animal survival …

Group-living animals gain fitness benefits from intergroup aggression, but also incur costs.
Advertisement behaviors, such as long-distance calls and scent marking, help animals avoid …