The adaptive immune system has the enormous challenge to protect the host through the
generation and differentiation of pathogen‐specific short‐lived effector T cells while in …

SARS‐CoV‐2 is a novel betacoronavirus which infects the lower respiratory tract and can
cause coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), a complex respiratory distress syndrome …

Older people are particularly susceptible to infectious and neoplastic diseases of the lung
and it is unclear how lifelong exposure to environmental pollutants affects respiratory …

Aging affects all tissues and organs. Aging of the immune system results in the severe
disruption of its functions, leading to an increased susceptibility to infections, an increase in …

Impaired vaccine responses in older individuals are associated with alterations in both the
quantity and quality of the T-cell compartment with age. As reviewed herein, the T-cell …

The world's population is aging, which brings about huge scientific challenges. Since the
biological process of aging is by far the greatest risk factor for most chronic diseases …

Vaccines are a highly effective intervention for conferring protection against infections and
reducing the associated morbidity and mortality in vaccinated individuals. However, ageing …

Introduction Aging causes several changes in the immune system, although immune aging
is strongly influenced by individual immunological history, as well as genetic and …

Immunosenescence is a multi-faceted phenomenon at the root of age-associated immune
dysfunction. It can lead to an array of pathological conditions, including but not limited to a …

The failure to generate enduring humoral immunity after vaccination is a hallmark of
advancing age. This can be attributed to a reduction in the germinal center (GC) response …