The erythropoietic protoporphyrias consist of three ultra‐rare genetic disorders of the
erythroid heme biosynthesis, including erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP1), X‐linked …

Heme is essential for a variety of proteins involved in vital physiological functions in the
body, such as oxygen transport, drug metabolism, biosynthesis of steroids, signal …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive anticancer treatment that uses special
photosensitizer molecules (PS) to generate singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen …

Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a genetic disease characterized by protoporphyrin IX-
mediated painful phototoxicity. Currently, options for the management of EPP-associated …

Protoporphyrias are caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding enzymes involved in
heme biosynthesis. They induce the accumulation of a hydrophobic phototoxic compound …

ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) is a membrane-bound
transporter responsible for the efflux of various xenobiotics and endobiotics, including …

Photosensitizers typically rely on a singular photochemical reaction to generate reactive
oxygen species, which can then inhibit or eradicate lesions. However, photosensitizers often …

All biological systems have adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette (ABC)
transporters, one of the significant protein superfamilies involved in transport across …

Drug efflux—a process primarily facilitated by efflux pumps such as multidrug resistance
proteins (MRPs)—plays a pivotal role in cellular resistance to chemotherapies. Conventional …

Autologous tumor cells hold great promise as personalized therapeutic vaccines.
Nevertheless, the metabolic competition between tumor cells and the functional immune …