When helper T (TH) cell polarization was initially described three decades ago, the TH cell
universe grew dramatically. New subsets were described based on their expression of few …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells suppress abnormal/excessive immune responses to self‐and
nonself‐antigens to maintain immune homeostasis. In tumor immunity, Treg cells are …

The immune system plays a critical role in protecting hosts from the invasion of organisms.
CD4 T cells, as a key component of the immune system, are central in orchestrating adaptive …

T-regulatory cells (Tregs) represent a unique subpopulation of helper T-cells by maintaining
immune equilibrium using various mechanisms. The role of T-cell receptors (TCR) in …

Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are
central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt …

Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are a small subset of immune cells that are dedicated to
curbing excessive immune activation and maintaining immune homeostasis. Accordingly …

CD4+ T helper cells are key regulators of host health and disease. In the original model,
specialized subsets of T helper cells are generated following activation through lineage …

In 1986, Mosmann and Coffman identified 2 functionally distinct subsets of activated CD4 T
cells, Th1 and Th2 cells, being key in distinct T cell mediated responses. Over the past three …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive
and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to …

Whereas the study of the interactions between the immune system and the central nervous
system (CNS) has often focused on pathological conditions, the importance of neuroimmune …